Drawing on synergy theory, this study employs a systematic literature review and knowledge graph analysis to conduct an integrative investigation into the coordination mechanisms of multiteam systems (MTS), and develops a theoretical model of MTS co-evolutionary dynamics. Three main findings emerge. First, the operating mechanism of MTS can be conceptualized as a nonlinear co-evolutionary process far from equilibrium, which, driven by environmental pressure and task interdependence, exhibits a phase transition trajectory from a loosely coupled state to a tightly coupled state to a self-organizing synergistic state. Second, five core dimensions—identity, conflict, coordination, leadership, and decision-making—perform differentiated functions in this co-evolutionary process as slow variable, fast variable, order parameter, self-organization enabler, and system output respectively, collectively determining system synergy effectiveness through dynamic closed-loop interactions. Third, this model effectively resolves theoretical tensions in balancing collaboration and competition, and in the contingent configuration of centralized control and distributed leadership, as well as empirical divergences in core relationships such as identity-performance and coordination-leadership.