Based on Marx’s capital circulation theory, this study employs a sample of A-share enterprises from 2011 to 2024 to analyze how new quality productivity mitigates disruption risks by ensuring the stable capital circulation across the “purchase-production-sale” stages. The findings indicate that new quality productivity enhances corporate supply chain resilience. Furthermore, talent acquisition systems, government data openness, and public resource trading systems amplify the positive impact of new quality productivity on enterprise supply chain resilience, thereby validating the protective effects of institutional advantages. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that new quality productivity has a more pronounced influence on enterprise supply chain resilience for state-owned enterprises, enterprises in decline, enterprises with advanced supply chain finance, enterprises not yet implementing supply chain digitalization, enterprises operating in favorable business environments, and enterprises located in central regions.