Drawing on the perspectives of internal and external collaborative divisions of labor, and grounded on Becker’ s growth model and Schumpeter’s innovation theory, this study elucidates the underlying mechanisms through which the Industrial Internet affects corporate supply chain resilience. Utilizing a panel dataset of Chinese A-share listed manufacturing firms spanning 2014 to 2023, the study employs a difference-in-differences approach to empirically evaluate the policy effects of the Industrial Internet Pilot Demonstration Projects. The results indicate that the development of the Industrial Internet significantly enhances the supply chain resilience of manufacturing firms. Mechanism analyses reveal that the Industrial Internet improves supply chain resilience primarily by deepening the specialized division of labor, reducing coordination costs, and fostering collaborative innovation. Heterogeneity analyses demonstrate that the effects are amplified for firms with stronger absorptive capacity, higher supply chain network centrality, or those located in regions with lower market segmentation. Moreover, this enhancement effect is more pronounced among firms that are large, mature, or operating in low-technology industries.