Taking the technological catch-up process of Dongfang Turbine in the field of thermal power technology as a case study, this paper adopts the event-path analysis method to analyze the process configuration of Chinese enterprises dynamically adjusting the dominant logic of their ambidextrous learning loops, based on the learning drivers of external response and internal spontaneity. The study finds that domestic enterprises can adjust the dominant logic of their ambidextrous learning loops from the outside in, revolving around the learning axis of “Technology Modification → Imitative Reconstruction”, to achieve technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. First, driven primarily by external responses, the enterprise constructs an exploratory learning-dominated ambidextrous learning loop (technology acquisition—technology modification—imitative reconstruction) to complete the construction of foundational capabilities. With the accumulation of technological capabilities, the enterprise actively breaks the existing path using imitative reconstruction as a key pivot, thereby advancing technological self-reliance. Ultimately, relying on internal spontaneous drivers, the enterprise reconstructs an explorative learning-dominated ambidextrous learning loop (technology modification—imitative reconstruction—independent R&D) to achieve technological self-strengthening.