Taking the establishment of the Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone as an exogenous shock event for data factor agglomeration, this study employs panel data from 283 cities between 2011 and 2021 to construct a multi-period difference-in-differences model to investigate the impact of data factor agglomeration on urban entrepreneurial vitality. The study finds that data factor agglomeration significantly enhances the urban entrepreneurial vitality. Furthermore, this enhancement is more pronounced in eastern cities with better infrastructure and richer talent pools, as well as in municipalities and provincial capitals with higher administrative levels, more resources, and greater policy support. These advantages may help to give full play to the clustering effect of data factors, thus accelerating the innovation and entrepreneurship process. The results of the mechanism test show that data factor agglomeration enhances the urban entrepreneurial vitality in two ways: by promoting the release of the effectiveness of traditional factors and by promoting data factors to work together with traditional factors.