Accompanied with rapid rural development, the concerns on environmental pollution in rural China have been rising. In order to have a better understanding of the current situations of rural environmental pollution and its major determinants, we draw a nationwide representative sample of 101 villages from 5 provinces. The result indicates that about 44% of villages reported worsening of their environment in the past 10 years. Econometric analysis shows that rural enterprise development and local township expansion (or rising population density) have negatively affected rural environment, while government’s efforts have offset the trend of rising environmental pollution. The paper concludes the study with policy implication on the importance of protecting rural environment in the rapid growth economy in China.